Training Callbacks

Overview

A callback is a set of functions to be applied at given stages of the training procedure. You can use callbacks to get a view on internal states and statistics of the model during training. You can pass a list of callbacks (as the keyword argument callbacks) to the fit() function. The relevant methods of the callbacks will then be called at each stage of the training.

For example:

library(keras)

# generate dummy training data
data <- matrix(rexp(1000*784), nrow = 1000, ncol = 784)
labels <- matrix(round(runif(1000*10, min = 0, max = 9)), nrow = 1000, ncol = 10)

# create model
model <- keras_model_sequential() 

# add layers and compile
model %>%
  layer_dense(32, input_shape = c(784)) %>%
  layer_activation('relu') %>%
  layer_dense(10) %>%
  layer_activation('softmax') %>% 
  compile(
    loss='binary_crossentropy',
    optimizer = optimizer_sgd(),
    metrics='accuracy'
  )
  
# fit with callbacks
model %>% fit(data, labels, callbacks = list(
  callback_model_checkpoint("checkpoints.h5"),
  callback_reduce_lr_on_plateau(monitor = "val_loss", factor = 0.1)
))

Built in Callbacks

The following built-in callbacks are available as part of Keras:

`callback_progbar_logger()`	Callback that prints metrics to stdout.
`callback_model_checkpoint()`	Save the model after every epoch.
`callback_early_stopping()`	Stop training when a monitored quantity has stopped improving.
`callback_remote_monitor()`	Callback used to stream events to a server.
`callback_learning_rate_scheduler()`	Learning rate scheduler.
`callback_tensorboard()`	TensorBoard basic visualizations
`callback_reduce_lr_on_plateau()`	Reduce learning rate when a metric has stopped improving.
`callback_csv_logger()`	Callback that streams epoch results to a csv file
`callback_lambda()`	Create a custom callback

Custom Callbacks

You can create a custom callback by creating a new R6 class that inherits from the KerasCallback class.

Here’s a simple example saving a list of losses over each batch during training:

library(keras)

# define custom callback class
LossHistory <- R6::R6Class("LossHistory",
  inherit = KerasCallback,
  
  public = list(
    
    losses = NULL,
     
    on_batch_end = function(batch, logs = list()) {
      self$losses <- c(self$losses, logs[["loss"]])
    }
))

# define model
model <- keras_model_sequential() 

# add layers and compile
model %>% 
  layer_dense(units = 10, input_shape = c(784)) %>% 
  layer_activation(activation = 'softmax') %>% 
  compile(
    loss = 'categorical_crossentropy', 
    optimizer = 'rmsprop'
  )

# create history callback object and use it during training
history <- LossHistory$new()
model %>% fit(
  X_train, Y_train,
  batch_size=128, epochs=20, verbose=0,
  callbacks= list(history)
)

# print the accumulated losses
history$losses

[1] 0.6604760 0.3547246 0.2595316 0.2590170 ...

Fields

Custom callback objects have access to the current model and it’s training parameters via the following fields:

self$params: Named list with training parameters (eg. verbosity, batch size, number of epochs…).
self$model: Reference to the Keras model being trained.

Methods

Custom callback objects can implement one or more of the following methods:

on_epoch_begin(epoch, logs): Called at the beginning of each epoch.
on_epoch_end(epoch, logs): Called at the end of each epoch.
on_batch_begin(batch, logs): Called at the beginning of each batch.
on_batch_end(batch, logs): Called at the end of each batch.
on_train_begin(logs): Called at the beginning of training.
on_train_end(logs): Called at the end of training.
on_train_batch_begin: Called at the beginning of every batch.
on_train_batch_end: Called at the end of every batch.`
on_predict_batch_begin: Called at the beginning of a batch in predict methods.
on_predict_batch_end: Called at the end of a batch in predict methods.
on_predict_begin: Called at the beginning of prediction.
on_predict_end: Called at the end of prediction.
on_test_batch_begin: Called at the beginning of a batch in evaluate methods. Also called at the beginning of a validation batch in the fit methods, if validation data is provided.
on_test_batch_end: Called at the end of a batch in evaluate methods. Also called at the end of a validation batch in the fit methods, if validation data is provided.
on_test_begin: Called at the beginning of evaluation or validation.
on_test_end: Called at the end of evaluation or validation.