The R package osmplotr
uses OpenStreetMap (OSM) data to produce highly customisable maps. Data are downloaded via the osmdata
package, and different aspects of map data - such as roads, buildings, parks, or water bodies - are able to be visually customised. This vignette demonstrates both data downloading and the creation of simple maps. The subsequent vignette (‘data-maps’) demonstrates how osmplotr
enables user-defined data to be visualised using OSM data. The maps in this vignette represent a small portion of central London, U.K.
A map can be generated using the following simple steps:
bbox <- get_bbox (c (-0.13, 51.51, -0.11, 51.52))
dat_B <- extract_osm_objects (key = "building", bbox = bbox)
osm_basemap
with desired background (bg
) colourmap <- osm_basemap (bbox = bbox, bg = "gray20")
map <- add_osm_objects (map, dat_B, col = "gray40")
print_osm_map (map)
The function print_osm_map
creates a graphics device that is scaled to the bounding box of the map. Note also that osmplotr
maps contain no margins and fill the entire plot area, reflecting the general layout of most printed maps. Additional capabilities of osmplotr
are described in the following sections, beginning with downloading and extraction of data.
The package osmdata
is used to download data from ‘OpenStreetMap’ using the ‘overpass’ API overpass API. Data may be returned in either ‘Simple Features’ (sf
) or ‘R Spatial’ (sp
) form. osmplotr
has a convenience function, extract_osm_objects
, to allow direct import, or the functions of osmdata
can also be used directly.
Data of a particular type can be extracted by specifying the appropriate OSM key
, as in the above example:
bbox <- get_bbox (c(-0.13, 51.51, -0.11, 51.52))
dat_B <- extract_osm_objects (key = "building", bbox = bbox)
dat_H <- extract_osm_objects (key = "highway", bbox = bbox)
These objects are of appropriate Spatial
classes:
class (dat_B); class (dat_H)
## [1] "sf" "data.frame"
## [1] "sf" "data.frame"
class (dat_B$geometry); class (dat_H$geometry)
## [1] "sfc_POLYGON" "sfc"
## [1] "sfc_LINESTRING" "sfc"
Spatial
(sp
) objects may be returned with,
dat_B <- extract_osm_objects (key = "building", bbox = bbox, sf = FALSE)
otherwise sf
is used as the default format. The Simple Features (sf
) objects with polygons of London buildings and linestrings of highways respectively contain
nrow (dat_B); nrow (dat_H)
## [1] 1767
## [1] 1220
… 1,759 building polygons and 1,133 highway lines. extract_osm_objects
also accepts key-value
pairs which are passed to the overpass API :
dat_T <- extract_osm_objects (key = "natural", value = "tree", bbox = bbox)
Trees are located by single coordinates and are thus point objects:
class (dat_T$geometry); nrow (dat_T)
## [1] "sfc_POINT" "sfc"
## [1] 688
osmdata
The osmdata
package provides a more powerful interface for downloading OSM data, and may be used directly with osmplotr
. The osmplotr
function extract_osm_objects
is effectively just a convenience wrapper around omsdata
functionality. The primary differences between the two are:
osmdata
returns all spatial data for a given query; that is, all points, lines, polygons, multilines, and multipolygons, while osmplotr
returns a single specified geometric type.osmplotr
accepts multiple key-value
pairs in a single call to extract_osm_objects
, which the equivalent osmdata
function, add_feature
, accepts only a single key-value
pair, with queries successively build through multiple calls to add_feature
.These differences are illustrated in the following code which generates identical results in both cases (with namespaces explicitly given to aid clarity),
dat1 <- osmplotr::extract_osm_objects (key = "highway", value = "!primary",
bbox = bbox)
dat2 <- osmdata::opq (bbox = bbox) %>%
add_feature (key = "highway") %>%
add_feature (key = "highway", value = "!primary") %>%
osmdata_sf ()
dat2 <- dat2$osm_lines
The osmdata
function opq()
constructs an overpass query, with successive calls to add_feature
extending the query until it is finally submitted to overpass by osmdata_sf()
(or the sp
version osmdata_sp()
).
Note that add_feature()
has to be called twice in this case, because a single call to add_feature (key = 'highway", value = "!primary")
would request all features that are not primary highways. The initial query for key = "highway"
ensures that only npn-primary highways are returned.
As demonstrated above, negation can be specified by pre-pending !
to the value
argument so that, for example, all natural
objects that are not trees can be extracted with
dat_NT <- extract_osm_objects (bbox = bbox, key = "natural", value = "!tree")
## Cannot determine return type; maybe specify explicitly?
The message is generated because of course a request for anything that is not a tree could be for any kind of spatial object. osmplotr
makes several educated guesses in the absence of specified return types, but these can always be forced with the return_type
parameter:
pts_NT <- extract_osm_objects (bbox = bbox, key = "natural", value = "!tree",
return_type = "points")
london$dat_H
contains all non-primary highways, and was extracted with the call demonstrated above, while london$dat_HP
contains the corresponding set of exclusively primary highways. An osmplotr
request for key = "highway"
automatically returns line objects (although, again, other kinds of objects may be forced through specifying return_type
).
key-value
pairsAny number of key-value
pairs may be passed to extract_osm_objects
. For example, a named building can be extracted with
bbox <- get_bbox (c(-0.13, 51.50, -0.11, 51.52))
extra_pairs <- c ("name", "Royal.Festival.Hall")
dat <- extract_osm_objects (key = "building", extra_pairs = extra_pairs,
bbox = bbox)
These data are stored in london$dat_RFH
. Note that periods or dots are used for white space, and in fact symbolise (in grep
terms) any character whatsoever. The polygon of a building at a particular street address can be extracted with
extra_pairs <- list (c ("addr:street", "Stamford.St"),
c ("addr:housenumber", "150"))
dat <- extract_osm_objects (key = "building", extra_pairs = extra_pairs,
bbox = bbox)
These data are stored as london$dat_ST
. Note that addresses generally require combining both addr:street
with addr:housenumber
.
osm_structures
and make_osm_map
The functions osm_structures
and make_osm_map
aid both downloading multiple OSM data types and plotting (with the latter described below). osm_structures
returns a data.frame
of OSM structure types, associated key-value
pairs, unique suffices which may be appended to data structures for storage purposes, and suggested colours. Passing this list to make_osm_map
will return a list of the requested OSM data items, named through combining the dat_prefix
specified in make_osm_map
and the suffices specified in osm_structures
.
osm_structures ()
## structure key value suffix cols
## 1 building building BU #646464FF
## 2 amenity amenity A #787878FF
## 3 waterway waterway W #646478FF
## 4 grass landuse grass G #64A064FF
## 5 natural natural N #647864FF
## 6 park leisure park P #647864FF
## 7 highway highway H #000000FF
## 8 boundary boundary BO #C8C8C8FF
## 9 tree natural tree T #64A064FF
## 10 background gray20
Many structures are identified by keys only, in which cases the values are empty strings.
osm_structures()$value [1:4]
## [1] "" "" "" "grass"
The last row of osm_structures
exists only to define the background colour of the map, as explained below (4.3 Automating map production).
The suffices include as many letters as are necessary to represent all unique structure names. make_osm_map
returns a list of two components:
osm_data
containing the data objects passed in the osm_structures
argument. Any existing osm_data
may also be submitted to make_osm_map
, in which case any objects not present in the submitted data will be appended to the returned version. If osm_data
is not submitted, all objects in osm_structures
will be downloaded and returned.map
containing the ggplot2
map objects with layers overlaid according to the sequence and colour schemes specified in osm_structures
The data specified in osm_structures
can then be downloaded simply by calling:
dat <- make_osm_map (structures = osm_structures (), bbox = bbox)
names (dat); sapply (dat, class); names (dat$osm_data)
## [1] "osm_data" "map"
## $osm_data
## [1] "list"
##
## $map
## [1] "gg" "ggplot"
## [1] "dat_BU" "dat_A" "dat_W" "dat_G" "dat_N" "dat_P" "dat_H" "dat_BO"
## [9] "dat_T"
The requested data are contained in dat$osm_data
. A list of desired structures can also be passed to this function, for example,
osm_structures (structures = c("building", "highway"))
## structure key value suffix cols
## 1 building building B #646464FF
## 2 highway highway H #000000FF
## 3 background gray20
Passing this to make_osm_map
will download only these two structures. Finally, note that the example of,
osm_structures (structures = "grass")
## structure key value suffix cols
## 1 grass landuse grass G #64A064FF
## 2 background gray20
demonstrates that osm_structures
converts a number of common keys
to OSM-appropriate key-value
pairs.
london
data of osmplotr
To illustrate the use of osm_structures
to download data, this section reproduces the code that was used to generate the london
data object which forms part of the osmplotr
package.
structures <- c ("highway", "highway", "building", "building", "building",
"amenity", "park", "natural", "tree")
structs <- osm_structures (structures = structures, col_scheme = "dark")
structs$value [1] <- "!primary"
structs$value [2] <- "primary"
structs$suffix [2] <- "HP"
structs$value [3] <- "!residential"
structs$value [4] <- "residential"
structs$value [5] <- "commercial"
structs$suffix [3] <- "BNR"
structs$suffix [4] <- "BR"
structs$suffix [5] <- "BC"
Suffices are generated automatically from structure names only, not values, and the suffices for negated forms must therefore be specified manually. The london
data can then be downloaded by simply calling make_osm_map
:
london <- make_osm_map (structures = structs, bbox = bbox)$osm_data
The requested data are contained in the $osm_data
list item. make_osm_map
also returns a $map
item which is described below (see 4.3 Automating map production).
The visualisation functions described in the second osmplotr
vignette (Data maps) enable particular regions of maps to be highlighted. While it may often be desirable to highlight regions according to a user’s own data, osmplotr
also enables regions to be defined by providing a list of the names of encircling highways. The function which achieves this is connect_highways
, which returns a sequential matrix of coordinates from those segments of the named highways which connected continuously and sequentially to form a single enclosed space. An example is,
highways <- c ("Monmouth.St", "Short.?s.Gardens", "Endell.St", "Long.Acre",
"Upper.Saint.Martin")
highways1 <- connect_highways (highways = highways, bbox = bbox)
Note the use of the regex character ?
which declares that the previous character is optional. This matches both “Shorts Gardens” and “Short’s Gardens”, both of which appear in OSM data.
class (highways1); length (highways1); highways1 [[1]] [[1]]
## [1] "list"
## [1] 5
## lon lat
## 1678452807 -0.1270287 51.51370
## 2265298898 -0.1270523 51.51362
## 438170687 -0.1270865 51.51347
## 3192197694 -0.1270902 51.51345
## 9513062 -0.1271692 51.51288
The extraction of bounding polygons from named highways is not fail-safe, and may generate various warning messages. To understand the kinds of conditions under which it may not work, it is useful to examine connect_highways
in more detail.
connect_highways
in detailconnect_highways
takes a list of OpenStreetMap highways and sequentially connects closest nodes of adjacent highways until the set of named highways connects to form a cycle. Cases where no circular connection is possible generate an error message. The routine proceeds through the three stages of,
Adding intersection nodes to junctions of ways where these don’t already exist
Filling a connectivity matrix between the listed highways and extracting the longest cycle connecting all of them
Inserting extra connections between highways until the length of the longest cycle is equal to length (highways)
.
This procedure can not be guaranteed fail-safe owing both to the inherently unpredictable nature of OpenStreetMap, as well as to the unknown relationships between named highways. To enable problematic cases to be examined and hopefully resolved, connect_highways
has a plot
option:
bbox_big <- get_bbox (c(-0.15, 51.5, -0.10, 51.52))
highways <- c ("Kingsway", "Holborn", "Farringdon.St", "Strand",
"Fleet.St", "Aldwych")
highway_list <- connect_highways (highways = highways, bbox = bbox_big,
plot = TRUE)
## Warning: Cycle unable to be extended through all ways
The plot depicts each highway in a different colour, along with numbers at start and end points of each segment. This plot reveals in this case that highway#6 (“Aldwych”) is actually nested within two components of highway#4 (“Strand”). connect_highways
searches for the shortest path connecting all named highways, and since “Strand” connects to both highways#1 and #5, the shortest path excludes #6. This exclusion of one of the named components generates the warning message.
These connected polygons returned from connect_highways
can then be used to highlight the enclosed regions within maps, as demonstrated in the second vignette, ‘Data Maps’.
Maps will generally contain multiple kinds of OSM data, for example,
dat_B <- extract_osm_objects (key = "building", bbox = bbox)
dat_H <- extract_osm_objects (key = "highway", bbox = bbox)
dat_T <- extract_osm_objects (key = "natural", value = "tree", bbox = bbox)
As illustrated above, plotting maps requires first making a basemap with a specified background colour. Portions of maps can also be plotted by creating a basemap
with a smaller bounding box.
bbox_small <- get_bbox (c(-0.13, 51.51, -0.11, 51.52))
map <- osm_basemap (bbox = bbox_small, bg = "gray20")
map <- add_osm_objects (map, dat_H, col = "gray70")
map <- add_osm_objects (map, dat_B, col = "gray40")
map
is then a ggplot2
which may be viewed simply by passing it to print_osm_map
:
print_osm_map (map)
Other graphical parameters can also be passed to add_osm_objects
, such as border colours or line widths and types. For example,
map <- osm_basemap (bbox = bbox_small, bg = "gray20")
map <- add_osm_objects (map, dat_B, col = "gray40", border = "orange",
size = 0.2)
print_osm_map (map)
The size
argument is passed to the corresponding ggplot2
routine for plotting polygons, lines, or points, and respectively determines widths of lines (for polygon outlines and for lines), and sizes of points. The col
argument determines the fill colour of polygons, or the colour of lines or points.
map <- add_osm_objects (map, dat_H, col = "gray70", size = 0.7)
map <- add_osm_objects (map, dat_T, col = "green", size = 2, shape = 1)
print_osm_map (map)
Note also that the shape
parameter determines the point shape, for details of which see ?ggplot2::shape
. Also note that plot order affects the final outcome, because components are sequentially overlaid and thus the same map components plotted in a different order will generally produce a different result.
The function print_osm_map()
can be used to print either to on-screen graphical devices or to graphics files (see, for example, ?png
for a list of possible graphics devices). Sizes and resolutions of devices may be specified with the appropriate parameters. Device dimensions are scaled by default to the proportions of the bounding box (although this can be over-ridden).
A screen-based device simply requires
print_osm_map (map)
while examples of writing higher resolution versions to files include:
print_osm_map (map, filename = "map.png", width = 10,
units = "in", dpi = map_dpi)
print_osm_map (map, filename = "map.eps", width = 1000,
units = "px", dpi = map_dpi)
print_osm_map (map, filename = "map", device = "jpeg", width = 10, units = "cm")
The ability demonstrated above to use negation in extract-osm-objects
allows different kinds of the same object to be visually contrasted, for example primary and non-primary highways:
dat_HP <- extract_osm_objects (key = "highway", value = "primary", bbox = bbox)
dat_H <- extract_osm_objects (key = "highway", value = "!primary", bbox = bbox)
map <- osm_basemap (bbox = bbox_small, bg = "gray20")
map <- add_osm_objects (map, dat_H, col = "gray50")
map <- add_osm_objects (map, dat_HP, col = "gray80", size = 2)
print_osm_map (map)
The additional key-value
pairs demonstrated above (for Royal Festival Hall, dat_RFH
and 150 Stamford Street, dat_ST
) also demonstrated above allow for highly customised maps in which distinct objects are plotting with different colour schemes.
bbox_small2 <- get_bbox (c (-0.118, 51.504, -0.110, 51.507))
map <- osm_basemap (bbox = bbox_small2, bg = "gray95")
map <- add_osm_objects (map, dat_H, col = "gray80")
map <- add_osm_objects (map, dat_HP, col = "gray20", size = 2)
map <- add_osm_objects (map, dat_RFH, col = "orange", border = "red", size = 2)
map <- add_osm_objects (map, dat_ST, col = "skyblue", border = "blue", size = 2)
print_osm_map (map)
Different portions of a map may sometimes be delineated by lines, for example with coastlines which are always represented in OpenStreetMap as lines. Plotting the water or land either side of a coastline in a single block of colour requires the regions to be polygons, not lines. osmplotr
has a function osm_line2poly()
which converts boundary lines extending beyond a given bounding box into polygons encircling the perimeter of the bounding box. An example is given in ?osm_line2poly
, using both the osmdata
package to obtain the bounding box of a named region, and the magrittr
pipe operator.
library (osmdata)
bb <- osmdata::getbb ("melbourne, australia")
coast <- extract_osm_objects (bbox = bb, key = "natural", value = "coastline",
return_type = "line")
coast <- osm_line2poly (coast, bbox = bb)
map <- osm_basemap (bbox = bb) %>%
add_osm_objects (coast [[1]], col = "lightsteelblue") %>%
print_osm_map ()
The osm_line2poly()
function returns a list of two sf
polygons. For coastline, one of these will correspond to water, one to land. In the preceding example, the first polygon is the ocean, which is coloured in "lightsteelblue"
. Users must determine for themselves which polygon is to be plotted in which colour. Note that osm_line2poly()
only accepts sf
-formatted data, and not sp
.
As indicated above (2.4 Downloading with osm_structures
and make_osm_map
), the production of maps overlaying various type of OSM objects is facilitated with make_osm_map
. The structure of a map is defined by osm_structures
as described above.
Producing a map with customised data is as simple as,
structs <- c ("highway", "building", "park", "tree")
structures <- osm_structures (structures = structs, col_scheme = "light")
dat <- make_osm_map (structures = structures, bbox = bbox_small)
print_osm_map (dat$map)
Calling make_osm_map()
downloads the requested structures within the given bbox
and returns a list of two components, the first of which contains the downloaded data:
names (dat); names (dat$osm_data)
## [1] "osm_data" "map"
## [1] "dat_B" "dat_H" "dat_P" "dat_A" "dat_P" "dat_T"
Pre-downloaded data may also be passed to make_osm_map()
dat <- make_osm_map (structures = structures, osm_data = dat$osm_data,
bbox = bbox)
print_osm_map (dat$map)
Note that omitting the bounding box argument (bbox
) produces a map with a bounding box is extracted as the largest box spanning all objects in osm_data
. This may be considerably larger than the desired boundaries, particularly because highways are returned by overpass
in their entirety, and will generally extend well beyond the specified bounding box.
Finally, objects in maps are overlaid on the plot according to the order of rows in osm_structures
, with the single exception that background
is plotted first. This order can be readily changed or restricted simply by submitting structures in a desired order.
structs <- c ("amenity", "building", "highway", "park")
osm_structures (structs, col_scheme = "light")
## structure key value suffix cols
## 1 amenity amenity A #DCDCDCFF
## 2 building building B #C8C8C8FF
## 3 highway highway H #969696FF
## 4 park leisure park P #C8DCC8FF
## 5 background gray95
Axes may be added to maps using the add_axes
function. In contrast to many R
packages for producing maps, maps in osmplotr
fill the entire plotting space, and axes are added internal to this space. The separate function for adding axes allows them to be overlaid on top of all previous layers.
Axes added to a dark version of the previous map look like this:
structures <- osm_structures (structures = structs, col_scheme = "dark")
dat <- make_osm_map (structures = structures, osm_data = dat$osm_dat,
bbox = bbox_small)
map <- add_axes (dat$map, colour = "black")
Note that, as described above, make_osm_map
returns a list of two items: (i) potentially modified data (in $osm_data
) and (ii) the map object (in $map
). All other add_
functions take a map object as one argument and return the single value of the modified map object.
print_osm_map (map)
This map reveals that the axes and labels are printed above semi-transparent background rectangles, with transparency controlled by the alpha
parameter. Axes are always plotted on the left and lower side, but positions can be adjusted with the pos
parameter which specifies the positions of axes and labels relative to entire plot device
map <- add_axes (map, colour = "blue", pos = c(0.1, 0.2),
fontsize = 5, fontface = 3, fontfamily = "Times")
print_osm_map (map)
The second call to add_axes
overlaid additional axes on a map that already had axes from the previous call. This call also demonstrates how sizes and other font characteristics of text labels can be specified.
Finally, the current version of osmplotr
does not allow text labels of axes to be rotated. (This is because the semi-transparent underlays are generated with ggplot2::geom_label
which currently prevents rotation.)
Click on the following link to proceed to the second osmplotr
vignette: Data maps